Emerging therapies & exam strategy
What's changing in each specialty: the trials, agents and guideline shifts most likely to matter for the FRACP Divisional Written Exam.
Renal Replacement Therapy: Key Evidence and Evolving Practice
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is central to managing severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and end-stage kidney disease, delivered as intermittent hemodialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy…
Renovascular Disease: Current Evidence and Emerging Therapies
Renovascular disease — most often atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis — has been the subject of a clear, if initially counterintuitive, evidence base: for most patients, medical therapy is as good…
Renal Sarcoidosis: Evidence-Based Management
Renal sarcoidosis — most often granulomatous interstitial nephritis, but also hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and glomerular disease — is an under-recognized cause of kidney injury that usually…
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones): Advances and Management
Kidney stones are crystalline deposits — most often calcium oxalate — managed through acute treatment, recurrence prevention, and, for rare metabolic forms, disease-specific therapy.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Reflux Nephropathy: Current and Emerging Therapy
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by reduced GFR and/or kidney damage persisting beyond three months. Reflux nephropathy — CKD from vesicoureteral reflux and progressive scarring — shares most…
Electrolyte Disorders: Modern and Emerging Therapies
Electrolyte abnormalities are common and potentially life-threatening across nephrology, critical care, and oncology. Recent years have added targeted, better-tolerated options for the core…
Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Recent Advances
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury. Drug-induced hypersensitivity remains the most common trigger, but immune-checkpoint-inhibitor (ICI)-associated nephritis…
Renal Tubular Acidosis: Advances and Emerging Therapies
The renal tubular acidoses (RTA) are disorders of renal acid-base handling causing a normal-anion-gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis. Distal RTA (dRTA), the most clinically significant form, is…
Genetic Kidney Diseases: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Therapies
Advances in genetic testing and clinical awareness have made inherited kidney diseases — autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), Alport syndrome, Fabry disease, and the tubulopathies —…
Myeloma Kidney: Current and Emerging Therapy
Myeloma kidney (cast nephropathy) results from excess monoclonal free light chains and demands rapid, deep reduction of those light chains to allow renal recovery. Modern regimens are tailored to…
Emerging Therapies for Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes
The glomerular diseases have moved, in just a few years, from a field with almost no disease-specific drugs to one of the most active areas in all of nephrology — nowhere more dramatically than in…
Diabetic Nephropathy: Evidence-Based and Emerging Therapy
Diabetic kidney disease remains a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, but its management has been reorganized around four complementary "pillars," each with strong trial support, and the…
Toxic Nephropathy: Advances and Precision Approaches
Toxic nephropathy — kidney injury from drugs, metals, toxins, or endogenous metabolites — is challenging because of the range of culprits and the risk of progression to chronic kidney disease. The…
Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Modern and Emerging Therapies
The thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) — thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) — are life-threatening syndromes of microangiopathic hemolysis,…
Renal Amyloidosis: Evidence-Based and Emerging Therapy
Renal amyloidosis — most often from immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis — results from deposition of misfolded light chains as amyloid fibrils, causing proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and…
Renal Tumours: Emerging Therapies and Current Evidence
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been reshaped by immunotherapy-based combinations and, more recently, by a novel oral agent targeting the disease's core biology — HIF-2α — now approved across advanced…
Transplantation: Modern Immunosuppression and Emerging Frontiers
Solid-organ transplantation has advanced through powerful immunosuppression, better diagnostics, and novel biologics. Acute rejection is now uncommon, but chronic graft loss and the toxicity of…
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