Emerging therapies & exam strategy
What's changing in each specialty: the trials, agents and guideline shifts most likely to matter for the FRACP Divisional Written Exam.
Renal Replacement Therapy: Key Evidence and Evolving Practice
Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is central to managing severe acute kidney injury (AKI) and end-stage kidney disease, delivered as intermittent hemodialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy…
Renovascular Disease: Current Evidence and Emerging Therapies
Renovascular disease — most often atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis — has been the subject of a clear, if initially counterintuitive, evidence base: for most patients, medical therapy is as good…
Renal Sarcoidosis: Evidence-Based Management
Renal sarcoidosis — most often granulomatous interstitial nephritis, but also hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and glomerular disease — is an under-recognized cause of kidney injury that usually…
Renal Calculi (Kidney Stones): Advances and Management
Kidney stones are crystalline deposits — most often calcium oxalate — managed through acute treatment, recurrence prevention, and, for rare metabolic forms, disease-specific therapy.
Chronic Kidney Disease and Reflux Nephropathy: Current and Emerging Therapy
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined by reduced GFR and/or kidney damage persisting beyond three months. Reflux nephropathy — CKD from vesicoureteral reflux and progressive scarring — shares most…
Electrolyte Disorders: Modern and Emerging Therapies
Electrolyte abnormalities are common and potentially life-threatening across nephrology, critical care, and oncology. Recent years have added targeted, better-tolerated options for the core…
Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Recent Advances
Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN) is a leading cause of acute kidney injury. Drug-induced hypersensitivity remains the most common trigger, but immune-checkpoint-inhibitor (ICI)-associated nephritis…
Renal Tubular Acidosis: Advances and Emerging Therapies
The renal tubular acidoses (RTA) are disorders of renal acid-base handling causing a normal-anion-gap (hyperchloremic) metabolic acidosis. Distal RTA (dRTA), the most clinically significant form, is…
Severe Asthma: Biologic Therapies
The treatment of severe asthma has been transformed by biologics targeting type 2 inflammation, and choosing among them is now guided by biomarkers (blood eosinophils, FeNO, IgE) and comorbidities.…
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
After decades in which COPD care meant inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids alone, the disease has entered a new therapeutic era with its first biologics and its first novel inhaled mechanism…
Bronchiectasis
For non-cystic-fibrosis bronchiectasis, 2025 brought a genuine milestone: the first-ever approved disease-modifying therapy. Brensocatib (Brinsupri), an oral inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase-1…
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) gained its first new drug in a decade in 2025. Nerandomilast (Jascayd), a first-in-class oral preferential PDE4B inhibitor, slowed the decline in forced vital…
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis
Corticosteroids remain first-line for symptomatic pulmonary sarcoidosis, with steroid-sparing agents (methotrexate, azathioprine) and anti-TNF therapy (infliximab) for refractory disease — and the…
Pneumoconiosis and Progressive Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease
The occupational fibrotic lung diseases (the pneumoconioses) still have no approved disease-modifying therapy, so management rests on removing further exposure and supportive care. The most useful…
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
The major advance in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a therapy that targets a fourth biological pathway. Sotatercept (Winrevair), a first-in-class activin signaling inhibitor, rebalances…
Pleural Infection and Empyema
Management of pleural infection has become less invasive and more protocolized. Guidelines now favor small-bore, image-guided chest tubes as the initial drainage approach for most cases — as…
Pleural Mesothelioma
Immunotherapy has reshaped the first-line treatment of pleural mesothelioma, an aggressive asbestos-related cancer. The combination of nivolumab and ipilimumab became a standard of care on the…
Cystic Fibrosis
CFTR modulator therapy has transformed cystic fibrosis (CF) from a fatal childhood disease into an increasingly manageable chronic condition for most patients. The triple combination…
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) causes both lung disease (early emphysema) and, in some, liver disease from accumulation of misfolded Z-AAT protein — and emerging therapies are increasingly…
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited disorder of ciliary function causing chronic airway infection and bronchiectasis, and its management has largely been extrapolated from cystic…
Emerging Therapies for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with major morbidity, and after decades of slow progress it has entered a genuinely active therapeutic era — including a new…
Emerging Therapies in Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma)
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multi-system autoimmune disease of fibrosis and vasculopathy, in which interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) is a leading cause of death. Recent trials have moved the…
Emerging Therapies in Small-Vessel (ANCA-Associated) Vasculitis
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) — granulomatosis with polyangiitis, microscopic polyangiitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) — has undergone a therapeutic revolution built…
Emerging Therapies in Large-Vessel Vasculitis (Giant Cell Arteritis and Takayasu)
Giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu arteritis carry substantial risk of vascular complications and chronic disability, and their treatment has traditionally meant prolonged high-dose…
Genetic Kidney Diseases: State-of-the-Art and Emerging Therapies
Advances in genetic testing and clinical awareness have made inherited kidney diseases — autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), Alport syndrome, Fabry disease, and the tubulopathies —…
Myeloma Kidney: Current and Emerging Therapy
Myeloma kidney (cast nephropathy) results from excess monoclonal free light chains and demands rapid, deep reduction of those light chains to allow renal recovery. Modern regimens are tailored to…
Emerging Therapies and Interventions in Epilepsy
Epilepsy care keeps advancing on multiple fronts — new antiseizure medications with novel mechanisms, precision neuromodulation, and better imaging for surgical planning. Around a third of people…
Migraine: Emerging Therapies and Innovations
Migraine affects over a billion people and is a leading cause of disability. The past decade's therapeutic revolution — targeting the CGRP pathway — has matured, and the field is now beginning to…
Emerging Therapies in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management still rests on methotrexate and biologic DMARDs, but the landscape has expanded to targeted oral JAK inhibitors, novel immune-checkpoint approaches, and — at the…
Behçet's Disease: Current and Emerging Therapies
Behçet's disease is a multisystem vasculitis whose management is organ- and severity-based, combining classical immunosuppressants with targeted biologics for refractory or severe involvement. The…
Emerging Therapies for Sjögren's Disease
Sjögren's disease (increasingly designated SjD, reflecting its recognition as a distinct systemic autoimmune disease rather than merely a syndrome) has long lacked any approved systemic targeted…
Emerging Therapies for Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Inflammatory Myositis
The idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (polymyositis, dermatomyositis) and polymyalgia rheumatica have moved beyond nonspecific immunosuppression toward targeted biologics — including, for…
Emerging Therapies in Seronegative Spondyloarthropathies
The seronegative spondyloarthropathies — ankylosing spondylitis, non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA), psoriatic arthritis, and related conditions — are driven largely by the…
Polyarteritis Nodosa: Current Management
Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a necrotizing vasculitis of medium and small arteries that can be life-threatening without prompt recognition and treatment. Contemporary management, guided by the…
Kawasaki Disease: Current and Emerging Therapies
Kawasaki disease is an acute vasculitis of childhood affecting small and medium arteries, with coronary artery aneurysms the principal long-term threat. Timely treatment to shorten fever and prevent…
Crystalline Arthropathies (Gout and CPPD): Advances and Management
Gout (monosodium urate deposition) and calcium pyrophosphate deposition (CPPD) disease cause acute, episodic arthritis and chronic joint damage. Management aims to control inflammation, reduce…
Marfan Syndrome: Modern Therapy and Guidelines
Marfan syndrome, caused by pathogenic variants in FBN1, leads to progressive aortic root dilation with risk of dissection, alongside ocular and musculoskeletal complications. The central management…
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Modern and Emerging Therapies
The Ehlers-Danlos syndromes are hereditary connective-tissue disorders; the vascular type (vEDS), caused by defective type III collagen, is the most dangerous owing to a high risk of arterial…
Emerging Therapies for Nephrotic and Nephritic Syndromes
The glomerular diseases have moved, in just a few years, from a field with almost no disease-specific drugs to one of the most active areas in all of nephrology — nowhere more dramatically than in…
Diabetic Nephropathy: Evidence-Based and Emerging Therapy
Diabetic kidney disease remains a leading cause of end-stage kidney disease, but its management has been reorganized around four complementary "pillars," each with strong trial support, and the…
Toxic Nephropathy: Advances and Precision Approaches
Toxic nephropathy — kidney injury from drugs, metals, toxins, or endogenous metabolites — is challenging because of the range of culprits and the risk of progression to chronic kidney disease. The…
Thrombotic Microangiopathies: Modern and Emerging Therapies
The thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) — thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) — are life-threatening syndromes of microangiopathic hemolysis,…
Renal Amyloidosis: Evidence-Based and Emerging Therapy
Renal amyloidosis — most often from immunoglobulin light-chain (AL) amyloidosis — results from deposition of misfolded light chains as amyloid fibrils, causing proteinuria, nephrotic syndrome, and…
Renal Tumours: Emerging Therapies and Current Evidence
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has been reshaped by immunotherapy-based combinations and, more recently, by a novel oral agent targeting the disease's core biology — HIF-2α — now approved across advanced…
Transplantation: Modern Immunosuppression and Emerging Frontiers
Solid-organ transplantation has advanced through powerful immunosuppression, better diagnostics, and novel biologics. Acute rejection is now uncommon, but chronic graft loss and the toxicity of…
Polycythemia Vera
Management of polycythemia vera (PV) rests on phlebotomy and low-dose aspirin, with cytoreduction (traditionally hydroxyurea) for higher-risk patients — but the options for disease control have…
Emerging Therapies for Myasthenia Gravis
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction causing fluctuating, fatigable weakness. Its treatment has been transformed in just a few years: alongside the…
Emerging Therapies for Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a rare autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction, marked by proximal weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and reduced reflexes. It is often…
Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) management is stratified by risk, and progress has been uneven — real gains in lower-risk anemia, but a series of disappointments in higher-risk disease.
Complement-Mediated Thrombotic Microangiopathies
The microangiopathic haemolytic anaemias (MAHAs) share a common picture of mechanical red-cell fragmentation, thrombocytopenia, and small-vessel thrombosis, but their treatment depends entirely on…
Transplant-Associated Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Transplant-associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA-TMA) is a severe, often fatal complication of haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, driven by endothelial injury and inappropriate complement…
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) remains fundamentally a disorder to treat by treating its cause — sepsis, malignancy, obstetric catastrophe, or trauma — with anticoagulant and supportive…
Emerging Therapies and Innovations in Neuro-Ophthalmology
Neuro-ophthalmology is being reshaped on two fronts at once: imaging and diagnostics that detect optic-nerve disease earlier and more precisely, and new pharmacologic and gene-based therapies for…
Emerging Therapies in Muscular Dystrophies (Duchenne, Limb-Girdle, Myotonic)
The muscular dystrophies are genetic muscle-wasting disorders, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in particular has seen a rush of new therapies — gene transfer, exon skipping, and the first…
Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune reaction to heparin — driven by antibodies against platelet factor 4/heparin complexes — that paradoxically causes thrombocytopenia together with a…
Haemolysis and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Complement-driven haemolytic disorders have seen an explosion of targeted therapies, transforming paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) in particular from a disease controlled by intravenous…
Aplastic Anaemia
The key advance in severe aplastic anaemia has been the addition of eltrombopag, an oral thrombopoietin-receptor agonist, to standard immunosuppressive therapy (horse antithymocyte globulin plus…
Vitamin B12 Deficiency
Management of vitamin B12 deficiency is being refined toward simpler, individualized repletion. Parenteral hydroxocobalamin or cyanocobalamin (intramuscular or subcutaneous, with loading doses…
Microcytic Anaemia
For iron deficiency anaemia, tolerability has improved with newer oral iron formulations (ferric maltol, sucrosomial iron, ferric citrate), and the recognition that alternate-day dosing enhances…
Normocytic Anaemia
Normocytic anaemia is dominated by the anaemias of chronic kidney disease and inflammation, where the notable pharmacologic development is the hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors…
Macrocytic Anaemia
Macrocytic anaemia spans nutritional (megaloblastic) and marrow (myeloid neoplasm) causes, and modern therapy tracks that division. For anaemia associated with myeloid neoplasms — myelodysplastic…
Lymphoma
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) exemplifies how lymphoma therapy has advanced on three fronts: better frontline chemoimmunotherapy, off-the-shelf bispecific antibodies, and CAR T-cell therapy…
Leukaemia
Leukaemia therapy has become increasingly targeted and molecularly defined, with new drug classes reaching approval across the myeloid and lymphoid leukaemias.
Emerging Therapies in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Tenecteplase and the Extended Window
For two decades, intravenous thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke was governed by the clock: treat within 4.5 hours or not at all. That paradigm is now shifting toward a "tissue over time"…
Emerging Therapies for Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute, often rapidly progressive immune-mediated neuropathy. For roughly four decades its treatment has rested on two pillars — intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)…
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Advances in CNS Infections
Central nervous system infections — meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess — remain high-morbidity, high-mortality conditions, made harder by multidrug resistance and by the growing population…
Emerging Therapies for Motor Neuron Disease / ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis remains rapidly progressive and ultimately fatal, but the last few years have brought real movement — particularly for genetically defined subgroups — along with an…
Emerging Therapies for Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease remains progressive and, so far, incurable — symptomatic treatment is still built around dopamine. The great hope of the past decade has been disease modification: slowing the…
Emerging Therapies for Huntington's Disease
Huntington's disease is a fatal, inherited neurodegeneration caused by a CAG-repeat expansion in the HTT gene. For years, disease-modifying therapy proved elusive — but the field has just recorded…
Emerging Therapies in Tourette Syndrome
Tourette syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder of motor and phonic tics, has long relied on behavioral therapy first-line and, when medication is needed, on dopamine D2-blocking antipsychotics with…
Sick Sinus Syndrome
Permanent pacemaker implantation remains the standard of care for symptomatic sick sinus syndrome (SSS) — for symptomatic bradycardia, sinus pauses, or chronotropic incompetence — and no…
Brugada Syndrome
For Brugada syndrome, the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) remains first-line for secondary prevention in patients who have had syncope or cardiac arrest, as it is the only therapy proven…
Torsades de Pointes
Management of torsades de pointes is well established and unchanged: intravenous magnesium sulfate is first-line for both terminating and preventing recurrence, regardless of the baseline magnesium…
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) remains a major global cause of cardiovascular death, and recent trials have sharpened both prevention and anticoagulation. The landmark GOAL trial showed that secondary…
Hyperthyroidism and Graves' Disease
The core treatments for hyperthyroidism — antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine, and surgery — remain unchanged in principle, but the fastest-moving area is the immune-targeted therapy of Graves'…
Thyroiditis
Management of the thyroiditides is largely supportive and hormone-replacement-based, with interest in adjuncts and precision approaches. For Hashimoto's thyroiditis with overt hypothyroidism,…
Thyroid Nodules
The management of thyroid nodules has moved decisively toward avoiding overtreatment — both overdiagnosis and overly aggressive surgery. On the diagnostic side, ultrasound risk-stratification systems…
Pituitary Adenomas
Pituitary adenomas — now often termed pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) under the updated WHO classification — are managed according to hormone secretion and mass effect. Transsphenoidal…
Hypopituitarism
Hypopituitarism is managed by replacing the deficient hormones — glucocorticoids for ACTH deficiency, levothyroxine for TSH deficiency, sex steroids for gonadotropin deficiency, and growth hormone…
Pituitary Apoplexy
The central question in pituitary apoplexy — whether to operate — has been substantially clarified by recent evidence. A prospective multicenter observational study found that surgical and…
Empty Sella Syndrome
Empty sella is a common radiographic finding — present in up to a third of the general population — and is frequently incidental and asymptomatic. Management hinges on identifying the minority of…
Diabetes Insipidus and SIADH
The disorders of water balance have seen both a change in nomenclature and new therapeutic options. Reflecting a 2022 international consensus, central diabetes insipidus is increasingly termed…
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Parathyroidectomy remains the definitive treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), achieving biochemical cure in around 96% of cases and improving bone mineral density; it is recommended for…
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease is managed by controlling the disturbances that drive PTH excess. Calcimimetics are central: oral cinacalcet lowers PTH without raising…
DiGeorge Syndrome (22q11.2 Deletion)
DiGeorge syndrome (22q11.2 deletion) is a multisystem disorder, and its management has advanced most notably in immunology and in the physiologic replacement of the hormones it disrupts. For the rare…
Pseudohypoparathyroidism
Pseudohypoparathyroidism is defined by resistance to parathyroid hormone rather than its deficiency — most often from mutations in the GNAS gene (which encodes the α-subunit of the stimulatory G…
Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) is a benign, autosomal dominant condition caused chiefly by inactivating mutations in the calcium-sensing receptor gene (CASR, causing FHH1), with rarer…
Venous Thromboembolism
The mainstay of venous thromboembolism (VTE) treatment is now the direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), and the frontier is a new class designed to prevent clotting with even less bleeding.
Tumour Lysis Syndrome
Tumour lysis syndrome (TLS) is an oncologic emergency caused by rapid release of intracellular contents when large numbers of malignant cells die, producing hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia,…
Hereditary Thrombophilia
Management of hereditary thrombophilia has become more restrained and evidence-based. The 2023 American Society of Hematology guidelines recommend against routine long-term prophylactic…
Haemoglobinopathies: Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease and Thalassemia
Gene therapy for the haemoglobinopathies has crossed a historic threshold — moving from clinical trials to approved, potentially curative treatments, including the first CRISPR-based medicine ever…
Graft-Versus-Host Disease
Both the prevention and the treatment of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) have advanced meaningfully, giving transplant physicians better tools at each stage.
Sideroblastic Anaemia and Lower-Risk MDS with Ring Sideroblasts
For the anemia of lower-risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) with ring sideroblasts — the disorder underlying most acquired sideroblastic anemia — two agents have reshaped care beyond…
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple myeloma therapy has been reshaped by anti-CD38 antibodies, BCMA-directed cell therapy, and bispecific antibodies, extending both the depth and duration of response across the disease course.
Myelofibrosis and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
For myelofibrosis, JAK inhibitors remain the therapeutic backbone, and the field now has four approved agents, each suited to a different clinical problem. Ruxolitinib and fedratinib reduce spleen…
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is defined by left ventricular dilation and systolic dysfunction not explained by abnormal loading or coronary disease. Management increasingly blends genetic precision…
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) has, for the first time, a class of drugs that targets its core pathophysiology rather than just its symptoms: the cardiac myosin inhibitors, which reduce the…
Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is the least common cardiomyopathy, defined by restrictive ventricular physiology — marked diastolic dysfunction with non-dilated ventricles and biatrial enlargement.…
Ventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) account for around 20% of congenital cardiac defects. For selected muscular and perimembranous defects, transcatheter device closure is a viable, less invasive…
Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) management has shifted in two meaningful ways in recent years: a move toward oral step-down therapy in stabilized patients, and the arrival of new antimicrobials for…
Pericarditis
The treatment of pericarditis — especially the recurrent form that has long frustrated patients and clinicians — has been transformed by interleukin-1 blockade.
Pericardial Effusion and Cardiac Tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is a medical emergency, and its management centers on safe, timely drainage guided by imaging, with etiology strongly shaping prognosis.
Atrial Septal Defect
Transcatheter device closure is now the preferred approach for most secundum atrial septal defects (ASDs), and the evidence base continues to favor it over surgery in suitable anatomy. Meta-analyses…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Management of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in preterm infants has shifted markedly toward restraint. The BeNeDuctus trial showed that expectant management was non-inferior to early ibuprofen for…
Coarctation of the Aorta
For coarctation of the aorta (CoA), lifelong imaging surveillance with MRI or CT is recommended — before and after intervention — per the 2022 ACC/AHA aortic disease guideline, and either…
Tetralogy of Fallot
Repaired tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) requires lifelong follow-up, because right ventricular outflow tract dysfunction — chiefly pulmonary regurgitation and consequent RV dilation and dysfunction — is…
Transposition of the Great Arteries
Dextro-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) produces parallel rather than series circulations and accounts for 5–7% of congenital heart defects. The arterial switch operation — anatomically…
Aortic Stenosis
The management of aortic stenosis (AS) continues to expand toward earlier and less invasive intervention. Two recent trials define the frontier. The EARLY TAVR trial showed that in asymptomatic…
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation (AR) has long been the valvular lesion left behind by the transcatheter revolution — but that changed in 2026. Registry data underscore the problem the field faces: untreated…
Mitral Regurgitation
Transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) has become established therapy for mitral regurgitation (MR) in appropriately selected patients, supported by a strong recent evidence base. The RESHAPE-HF2…
Mitral Stenosis
For rheumatic mitral stenosis with suitable valve morphology, percutaneous mitral balloon valvuloplasty remains the established first-line intervention. The harder problem is degenerative, heavily…
Tricuspid Valve Disease
Long neglected, tricuspid regurgitation (TR) now has two approved transcatheter therapies. The TRILUMINATE Pivotal trial showed that transcatheter edge-to-edge repair with the TriClip device markedly…
Pulmonary Valve Disease
For pulmonic stenosis, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty remains first-line and highly effective, substantially reducing the transvalvular gradient and improving valve orifice area with durable…
Coronary Artery Disease
The management of chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) is defined by two complementary ideas: revascularization is for symptoms and specific high-risk anatomy rather than routinely for prognosis,…
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) care has advanced on three fronts — stroke prevention, rhythm control, and ablation technology — with a genuine technological leap in the last of these.
Supraventricular Tachycardia (AVNRT and AVRT)
For the regular supraventricular tachycardias — atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) and atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) — catheter ablation is the cornerstone of…
Left Bundle Branch Block and Conduction System Pacing
The most important development for left bundle branch block (LBBB) is a shift in how we pace the heart. Conduction system pacing — specifically left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) — captures the…
Right Bundle Branch Block
Unlike LBBB, right bundle branch block (RBBB) is less a therapeutic target than a prognostic marker — and recent data suggest it carries more weight than once thought. A large UK Biobank cohort found…
Ventricular Tachycardia
The central question in recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) — whether to escalate drugs or ablate — has increasingly been answered in favor of catheter ablation. The VANISH2 trial compared…
Ventricular Fibrillation
For refractory ventricular fibrillation (VF) in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the DOSE VF trial delivered a striking result: compared with standard defibrillation, double sequential external…
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